Wednesday, April 5, 2017

See also

  1. References


  2. "Maintenance Required Indicator" (PDF). Techinfo.honda.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  4. "Metrication". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

  6. "Appendix G – Weights and Measures". The World Factbook. CIA. 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006.

  8. Kelly, Jon (21 December 2011). "Will British people ever think in metric?". BBC.

  10. Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things—The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus.

  12. http://archive-3.mizzima.com/opinion/features/item/10955-metrication-in-myanmar/10955-metrication-in-myanmar

  14. "Myanmar to adopt metric system". www.elevenmyanmar.com. Eleven Media Group. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.

  16. "Metric usage and metrication in other countries". US Metric Association. 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.

  18. "Introduction of the metric system and the prices of petroleum products". Washington DC, United States: Sierra Leone Embassy. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.

  20. "Metric Act of 1866" (PDF). Metric Program, Weights and Measures Division, United States National Institute of Standards, Technology and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
    "U.S. Metric System (SI) Legal Resources". Metric Program, Weights and Measures Division, United States National Institute of Standards, Technology and Technology. Retrieved 11 November 2009.

  22. Howard B. Bradley, ed. (1987). Petroleum Engineering Handbook. pp. 1–69. ISBN 1555630103.

  24. Warwick Cairns (2007). About the Size of It. Pan Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-230-01628-6.

  26. "Finance minister outlines metrication plans, goals and timetable". Antigua Observer. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.

  28. "St Lucia begins drive to implement metric system to catch up with region". The Jamaica Observer. Associated Press. 2005. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.

  30. "Department for Transport statement on metric road signs". British Weights and Measures Association. 2002. Retrieved 23 May 2009.[not in citation given]

  32. "EU gives up on 'metric Britain". BBC News. 11 September 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2009.

  34. "Ireland goes metric - fast". The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  36. "Metric Moon". NASA. 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

  38. Thomas McGreevy, Peter Cunningham (1995). The Basis of Measurement: Historical Aspects. Picton Publishing. ISBN 0-948251-82-4.

  40. Witold Kula (1986). "For all peoples; for all time". Measures and Men. Richard Szreter (trans.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05446-0.

  42. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (January 2004), "Metrication", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.

  44. Reproduction (33 MB):John Wilkins (1668). "VII". An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (PDF). The Royal Society. pp. 190–194. Retrieved 6 March 2011.

  46. "An ESSAY Towards a REAL CHARACTER, And a PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGE" (PDF). Metricationmatters.com. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  48. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (January 2004), "Metrication", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.

  50. Jefferson, Thomas (4 July 1790). "Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States Communicated to the House of Representatives, July 13, 1790". New York.

  52. Linklater, Andro (2002). Measuring America: How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy. Walker & Co. ISBN 978-0-8027-1396-4.

  54. Fátima Paixão; Fátima Regina Jorge (2006). "Success and constraints in adoption of the metric system in Portugal" (PDF). The Global and the Local: History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  56. Andreas Dreizler; et al. (20 April 2009). "Metrologie" (PDF) (in German). Technische Universität Darmstaft. Retrieved 28 March 2011.[dead link]

  58. W Leconte Stephens (March 1904). "The Metric System – Shall it be compulsory?". Popular Science Monthly: 394–405. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

  60. Giblin, R. W. (2008) [1908]. "Royal Survey Work.". In Wright, Arnold; Breakspear, Oliver T. Twentieth century impressions of Siam (65.3 MB). London&c: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company. p. 126. Retrieved 28 January 2012. It so happens that 40 metres or 4,000 centimetres are equal to one sen, which is the Siamese unit of linear measurement.

  62. AD Dunn (1969). "Notes on the standardization of paper sizes" (PDF). Ottawa. p. 11.

  64. Page, Chester H; Vigoureux, Paul, eds. (20 May 1975). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875 - 1975: NBS Special Publication 420. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. p. 244.

  66. Zupko, Ronald Edward (1990). Revolution in Measurement – Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. 186. pp. 242–245. ISBN 0-87169-186-8. Retrieved 21 April 2012.

  68. The Metric versus the English System of Weights and Measures. National Industrial Conference Board. October 1921. pp. 12–13. Research Report Number 42. Retrieved 1 June 2013.

  70. "Metrication in Mexico". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  72. "Histórico do Inmetro". Inmetro.gov.br. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  74. "History". Beograd, Serbia: Misitry of finance and economy: Directorate of Measures and Precious Metals. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

  76. "Kapittel 4 : Internasjonale avtaler" (PDF). Regjeringen.no. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  78. Treaties and conventions between the empire of Japan and other powers, p. 311, Gaimusho

  80. "Metric usage and metrication in other countries". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  82. ru:Собрание узаконений РСФСР (in Russian) (66): 725. 1918. Missing or empty |title= (help)

  84. Настольный Советский Календарь [Desk Soviet Calendar] (in Russian). The New International Publishing, New York. 1920. p. 8.

  86. "History of weights and measures in Thailand.htm". Northern Weights and Measures Center (Thailand). April 2004. Retrieved 26 September 2011. ..."Weights and Measures Act, B.E. 2466" [1923 A.D.] .... [superseded by ] "Weights and Measures Act, B.E. 2542" ... Government Gazette, Royal Decree Version, Volume 116, Part 29 a, dated 21 April 1999 ... effective since 18 October 1999

  88. ประวัติชั่งตวงวัดไทย (in Thai). Northern Weights and Measures Center (Thailand). April 2004. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

  90. http://www.e-themis.gov.gr/Portal/files/volumes/temp/ΤΟΜΟΣ%205.doc

  92. "CIA The World Factbook". Appendix G: Weights and Measures. US Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

  94. "FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about the metric system:". U.S. Metric Association. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.

  96. http://www.commonlii.org/lk/legis/consol_act/nmc189324.pdf

  98. http://archives.dailynews.lk/2006/03/06/main_Letters.asp

  100. Dr. Michael D. Wilcox, Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee (2008). "Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia" (PDF). Presentation and Policy Brief. University of Tennessee. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

  102. Ko Ko Gyi (18–24 July 2011). "Ditch the viss, govt urges traders". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

  104. "Myanmar to adopt metric system". Eleven Media Group. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

  106. Htar Htar Khin (20 February 2012). "Workshop to mull new weight and measurement standards". The Myanmar Times. Retrieved 14 August 2013.[dead link]

  108. Kohler, Nicholas (3 March 2014). "Metrication in Myanmar". Mizzima News. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

  110. Hubert Fontaine. "Confiture de rhubarbe" (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. "1 zeste de citron par livre (500g) de rhubarbe"

  112. http://webstore.ansi.org/FindStandards.aspx?SearchString=ISO+1222%3a2010&SearchOption=0&PageNum=0&SearchTermsArray=null%7cISO+1222%3a2010%7cnull (ISO 1222:2010 "Photography - Tripod connections" )

  114. "Directive 2009/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. Retrieved 2015-02-05.

  116. Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

  118. ChartsBin. "Road Distance and Speed Units by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  120. "St Lucia moving to metric system". Caribbean Net News. 2005. Archived from the original on 29 November 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2006.

  122. Jon Kelly (21 December 2011). "Will British people ever think in metric?". News Magazine. The BBC. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ...but today the British remain unique in Europe by holding onto imperial weights and measures. ...the persistent British preference for imperial over metric is particularly noteworthy...

  124. Melanie McDonagh (10 May 2007). "In the merry old land of lb and oz". The Times. A survey from the British Weights and Measures Association, admittedly a partial source, suggested that 80 per cent of people prefer imperial to metric and 70 per cent, including, remarkably, 18- to 24-year-olds, can make sense of weights only in imperial measurements.

  126. "Final Report of the Metrication Board (1980)" (PDF). London: Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate. para 1.6 & 1.10.

  128. "Weights and measures legislation – hallmarking and metrication". Business Link. UK Government. Retrieved 24 February 2015.

  130. "Weights and Measures Report 1995 – 2008" (PDF). National Weights and Measures Laboratory. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  132. International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6

  134. The Council of the European Communities (9 February 2000). "Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC". Retrieved 28 October 2011.

  136. "Report (1862) from the Select Committee on Weights and Measures" (PDF). Department of Trade and Industry, United Kingdom. 1862. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.

  138. "Metrication Timeline". UK Metric Association. 2008. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.

  140. Jim Humble. "Historical perspectives by the last Director of the UK Metrication Board". UK Metric Association. Retrieved 27 May 2009.[dead link]

  142. The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995. Statutory Instrument 1995 No. 1804. United Kingdom. 1995. ISBN 0-11-053334-8. Retrieved 27 August 2006.

  144. "After Brexit, some Brits want to ditch the metric system, too". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-04.

  146. "Metric Act of 1866". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  148. "Metric Convention of 1875". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  150. "Metric Conversion Act of 1975". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  152. "National Highway System Designation Act of 1995". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  154. "Fair Packaging and Labeling Act". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  156. "US Metric Association (USMA)". Lamar.colostate.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  158. Chapter 2 – Basic Labelling Requirements. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. pp. (also available in French). Retrieved 16 May 2007.

  160. "Waits and Measures". Mother Jones. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  162. [1] Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine.

  164. "Metric to US Customary Units (British) Transition" (PDF). Dot.ca.gov. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  166. Richard D. Land, Chief Engineer (16 June 2006). Declaration of Units of Measure – "Metric" or "English" Project (PDF). State of California, Department of Transportation. Retrieved 5 November 2007.

  168. "Frequently Asked Questions about METAR/SPECI and TAF". National Weather Service METAR/TAF Information. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

  170. Merran Williams (July–August 2003). The 156-tonne GIMLI GLIDER (PDF). Flight Safety Australia. pp. 22, 25. Retrieved 5 November 2007.

  172. "NASA's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss". CNN. 30 September 1999. Retrieved 24 May 2013.

    174. "The Traffic Signs (Amendm
Posted by at No comments:

Accidents and incidents

Confusion over units during the process of metrication can sometimes lead to accidents. One of the most notable examples was during metrication in Canada. In 1983, an Air Canada Boeing 767, nicknamed the "Gimli Glider" following the incident, ran out of fuel in midflight. The incident was caused, in a large part, by the confusion over the conversion between litres, kilograms, and pounds, resulting in the aircraft receiving 22,300 pounds of fuel instead of the required 22,300 kg.[85]
While not strictly an example of national metrication, the use of two different systems was a contributing factor in the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter in 1998. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) specified metric units in the contract. NASA and other organizations worked in metric units, but one subcontractor, Lockheed Martin, provided thruster performance data to the team in pound force-seconds instead of newton-seconds. The spacecraft was intended to orbit Mars at about 150 kilometres (93 mi) in altitude, but the incorrect data meant that it descended to about 57 kilometres (35 mi). As a result, it burned up in the Martian atmosphere.[86]
On 25 September 2009, the British Department for Transport published a draft version of legislation to amend its road signs legislation[87] for comment. Among the proposed changes was an amendment to existing legislation to make dual-unit height and width warning and restriction signs mandatory. This was justified in Paragraph 53 of the Impact Analysis[88] by the text "... Based on records from Network Rail's incident logs since April 2008, approximately 10 to 12 percent of bridge strikes involved foreign lorries. This is disproportionately high in terms of the number of foreign lorries on the road network." This proposal was shelved with the change of government in 2010, though many bridges are now signed both ways. The latest signage guidance consultation has proposed this once again.
Posted by at No comments:

United Kingdom

See also: Metrication in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, some of the population continue to resist metrication to varying degrees. The traditional imperial measures are preferred by a majority and continue to have widespread use in some applications.[61][62] The metric system is used by most businesses,[63] and is used for most trade transactions. Metric units must be used for certain trading activities (selling by weight or measure for example), although imperial units may continue to be displayed in parallel.[64]
British law has enacted the provisions of European Union directive 80/181/EEC, which catalogues the units of measure that may be used for "economic, public health, public safety and administrative purposes".[65] These units consist of the recommendations of the General Conference on Weights and Measures,[66] supplemented by some additional units of measure that may be used for specified purposes.[67] Metric units could be legally used for trading purposes for nearly a century before metrication efforts began in earnest. The government had been making preparations for the conversion of the Imperial unit since the 1862 Select Committee on Weights and Measures recommended the conversion[68] and the Weights and Measures Act of 1864 and the Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act of 1896 legalised the metric system.[69] In 1965, with lobbying from British industries and the prospects of joining the Common Market, the government set a 10-year target for full conversion, and created the Metrication Board in 1969. Metrication did occur in some areas during this time period, including the re-surveying of Ordnance Survey maps in 1970, decimalisation of the currency in 1971, and teaching the metric system in schools. No plans were made to make the use of the metric system compulsory, and the Metrication Board was abolished in 1980 following a change in government.[70]
The United Kingdom avoided having to comply with the 1989 European Units of Measurement Directive (89/617/EEC), which required all member states to make the metric system compulsory, by negotiating derogations (delayed switchovers), including for miles on road signs and for pints for draught beer, cider, and milk sales.[71]
Following the United Kingdom's referendum to exit the European Union, retailers have begun to request to go back to using Imperial Units, with some reverting without permission. A poll following the EU vote also found that 45% of Britons sought to revert to selling produce in Imperial Units.[72]
In popular conversation, the stone unit is still used for body weight by some people though people are starting to weigh themselves in kilos as pre-metric weighing machines become obsolete, and feet and inches are used to describe height by most as well.

United States and Canada

See also: Metrication in the United States and Metrication in Canada
A measuring cup, manufactured and sold in the US (circa 1980) features graduations in both metric and US customary systems. Held in the right hand, a person would have the metric graduations in front, facing them. But in filling the measuring cup from another container, right-handed people would hold it in their left hand, and read from the customary graduations.
Over time, the metric system has influenced the United States through international trade and standardization. The use of the metric system was made legal as a system of measurement in 1866[73] and the United States was a founding member of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in 1875.[74] The system was officially adopted by the federal government in 1975 for use in the military and government agencies, and as preferred system for trade and commerce.[75] It has remained voluntary for federal and state road signage to use metric units, despite attempts in the 1990s to make it a requirement.[76]
A 1992 amendment to the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA), which took effect in 1994, required labels on federally regulated "consumer commodities"[77] to include both metric and US customary units. As of 2013, all but one US state (New York) have passed laws permitting metric-only labels for the products they regulate.[78] Likewise, Canada also legally allows for dual labelling of goods provided that the metric unit is listed first and that there is a distinction of whether a liquid measure is a US or a Canadian (Imperial) unit.[79]
Today, the American public and much of the private business and industry still use US customary units despite many years of informal or optional metrication.[80] At least two states, Kentucky and California, have even moved towards demetrication of highway construction projects.[81][82][83]

Air and sea transportation

Air and sea transportation commonly use the nautical mile. This is about one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian arc and it is precisely defined as 1852 metres (about 1.151 statute miles). It is not an SI unit (although it is accepted for use in the SI by the BIPM). The prime unit of speed or velocity for maritime and air navigation remains the knot (nautical mile per hour).
The prime unit of measure for aviation (altitude, or flight level) is usually estimated based on air pressure values, and in many countries, it is still described in nominal feet, although many others employ nominal metres. The policies of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) relating to measurement are:
  • there should be a single system of units throughout the world
  • the single system should be the SI
  • the use of the foot for altitude is a permitted variation.
Consistent with ICAO policy, aviation has undergone a significant amount of metrication over the years. For example, runway lengths are usually given in metres. The United States metricated the data interchange format (METAR) for temperature reports in 1996.[84] Metrication is also gradually taking place in cargo weights and dimensions and in fuel volumes and weights.
Posted by at No comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)